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InstructionsClick on the link that will answer your specific question.
In-text (Parenthetical) Reference examples do not refer to real sources. |
Your reference should mention each source. This shows the reader that you have done thorough research on the topic.
Example:
BackResearchers have found that high school students believe their skills in doing research are better than they actually are (Smith 34; Jones 567).
Make a reference to the work of the other person, using the term 'see also.' Otherwise the reader may think you have plagiarized that person’s work.
Example:
My experience with students has led me to conclude that the lack of ability to create a visual image as they read greatly hinders reading comprehension (see also Jones 65).
You would include the information, with the reference showing the source it was originally from and also where you read it ('cited in').
Example:
Research done by John Smith found that 46% of high school students are not effective at doing online research (Smith, cited in Miller 789).
If the authors have different first names but the same last name, the reference would include the first initial of the first name with the last name (J. Smith 23).
If the first initials are the same, you would use the first names (Jonathan Smith 23).
You would list the entire page number of each page with a hyphen between (Smith 396-401).
You still include reference information, but indicate that you have adapted it.
Example:
Fig. 1 adapted from Smith, John. "Article title."
Magazine name. Date: page.
You would quote as you normally would, but use 3 spaced periods, called ellipsis points, to show that a part was omitted.
Example:
"You would quote as you normally would, but use 3 spaced periods . . . to show that a part was omitted" (Smith 45).
"You would quote as you normally would, but use 3 spaced periods . . ." (Smith 45).
You would put the reference information at the end of the quote, even if it is the middle of the sentence.
Example:
"You would put the reference in the middle" (Jones 3), if the quote ends there.
You would put the quote you're using in quotation marks and change to single quotations marks for the part that was quoted within that larger quote.
Example:
"You would put quotation marks around the quote you are using, and 'use single quotation marks, the librarian said, around quotations within your quote' " (Smith 678). [note the single and double quotation marks together at the end]
If the quote is 4 lines or longer, you would indent the entire quote one inch (10 spaces), double space it, and use no quotation marks. In most cases a quote like that would be introduced with a colon.
Example:
According to John Smith, an MLA expert, a long quote is usually introduced in this way:
A long quote begins on a new line and is indented one inch, or 10 spaces. The entire quote is double spaced. There are no extra indentations, and quotation marks are left off. If the quote includes 2 paragraphs, each is indented an additional 3 spaces. The reference information comes at the end of the quote, just as it would in a shorter quote. It includes the last name of the author and the page number (Smith 5).
You would incorporate the quote into your text, enclosing it in quotations marks. Use a slash ( / ) to indicate where each new line began.
Example:
Some poems are memorized by most children. "Mary had a little lamb / Its fleece was white as snow" (author page).
If the poem you quote is 4 lines or more in length, begin it on a new line, indent one inch (10 spaces), double space it, and omit the quotation marks. The reference comes immediately after the last poem line.
If your quote begins in the middle of a line, the partial line should be positioned as it was in the original poem. If the original poem has unique spacing, copy it as exactly as you can.
Example:
E. E. Cummings often uses interesting spacing:
It's
spring
and
the
goat-footed
balloon-Man whistles
far
and
wee (16-24).
Go to a new line, indent one inch (10 spaces), double space, and begin each new dialogue line with the character's name, all in capitals letters, followed by a period and the dialogue. If one person's words continue to a second line, indent that line an additional 3 spaces. The reference appears at the end of the last line of the quote.
Dialogue from a play would appear as follows:
TEACHER. Each character's name is in capitals followed by a period and then what was said.
LIBRARIAN. If what the character said is long enough that the dialogue continues to more than one
line, each additional line is indented an additional 3 spaces, which is 1/4 inch (Smith 34).
MLA format specifies using the paragraph numbers, if given. Most Web site do not have them.
Until there is a uniform way to handle this, most teachers request using the notaiont 'n.pag.' for 'no pagination.'
Example:
"This Web site has no paragraph numbers listed" (Author n.pag.).
